Enhancing immune responses by a novel multi-epitope ROP8 DNA vaccine plus interleukin-12 plasmid as a genetic adjuvant against acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in BALB/c mice
Background: Toxoplasmosis is a widespread zoonotic infection, caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan. The infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, although in people with impaired immune systems can cause severe complications and progressive. constant efforts scientists have made valuable discoveries in the development of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) vaccine candidate. However, an effective vaccine has not been developed yet. In the current study, we tested the co-delivery of multi-epitope vaccine pcROP8 new plasmid DNA encoding IL-12 (pcIL-12) to assess immune responses in BALB / c mice against acute T. gondii infection.
Methods: BALB / c mice were immunized on days 0, 21, and 42. The immune response of the vaccinated and control groups were evaluated using measurements of cytokines and antibodies, lymphocyte proliferation test, and survival time.
Results: The findings show that immunization with a multi-epitope pcROP8 significantly increase the level of anti-T. gondii antibodies, cellular immune responses TH1-type, lymphocyte proliferation, and survival time is long, compared with the control group (P <0.05). Furthermore, the use of pcIL-12 as an adjuvant genetic causes enhancement of the immune response mentioned above BALB / c mice (P <0.05).
Conclusion: The co-administration of pcIL-12 with a multi-epitope vaccine pcROP8, can be managed to increase the level of protection. Thus, this immunization regimen may be an effective vaccine strategies against T. gondii acute infection.
Enhancing immune responses by a novel multi-epitope ROP8 DNA vaccine plus interleukin-12 plasmid as a genetic adjuvant against acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in BALB/c mice
Genetic Variants FOXP3 Do Not Impact Supply and Cervical Interleukin-10 Levels in Human Papillomavirus Infection in Women
Regulatory T cells (Treg) heredity plays a central role in the control of inflammation and autoimmunity. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been described as a pleiotropic cytokine that is mainly released by CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + Treg and has strong immunosuppressive activity. Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) expression of the transcription factor is very important for Treg function as a suppressor cells and FOXP3 gene single nucleotide variants (SNVs) has been shown to influence the pathogenesis of the virus.
This study was conducted to evaluate the plasmatic and cervical level of IL-10 in patients papillomavirus infected and uninfected humans and investigate whether intron -1 FOXP3 SNVs rs3761548 and rs2232365 may alter IL-10 secretion. SNVs characterization genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products based on a specific sequence of enzymatic cleavage using restriction fragment length polymorphism method (RFLP). IL-10 levels determined by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In conclusion, the data show that there is no relationship between FOXP3 and cervical SNVs and circulating IL-10 level. These findings provide a reason that the IL-10 gene activation is independent of the transcription factor FOXP3 activity on Treg cells.
Introduction: We aimed to determine the genetic polymorphism and serum levels of interleukin 18 in Fars ethnic groups.Material and methods: 226 Fars ethnic groups participate. ATP III criteria were used to assess components of MS. SNP of the IL-18 gene was determined by ARMS-PCR.Results: The GG, GC and CC genotypes of -137 is 50%, 40% and 10%. CC, CA and AA genotypes of -607 is 45%, 37%, and 18% ..
Description: Relaxin-2 is a peptide hormone structurally related to insulin, which is expressed in the placenta, decidua, prostate, and in the ovary during pregnancy. Of the three known relaxin genes, Relaxin-2 is the only relaxin known to circulate in the blood. Relaxin-2 binds specifically to the LGR7 and LGR8 receptors, previously identified as an “orphan” G protein coupled receptors. Signaling by Relaxin-2 through its target receptors enhances the growth of pubic ligaments and ripening of the cervix during birth. Recombinant Relaxin-2 is a nonglycosylated 6.0 kDa disulfide linked heterodimeric protein consisting of a 24 amino acid A-chain and a 29 amino acid B-chain.
Description: PAI-2 is an inhibitory serpin expressed mainly in keratinocytes, activated monocytes, and placental trophoblasts. It exists predominantly as a 47 kDa nonglycosylated intracellular protein which can be induced to be secreted as 60 kDa glycoprotein. The glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of PAI-2 are equally effective as inhibitors of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), the only established physiological target of this serpin. PAI-2 has a unique ability to form dormant polymers spontaneously and reversibly under physiological conditions. The physiological relevance of this property, which is neither a consequence of any mutation in the PAI-2 gene nor associated with any known disorder, is still unclear. However, it appears that the formation of intracellular dormant polymers may be important for the controlled release of the inhibitor from PAI-2 producing cells. Plasma levels of PAI-2 are usually low or undetectable, except during pregnancy and in some forms of monocytic leukemia. Secretion of PAI-2 from the placenta normally occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy and accounts for the dramatic increase in PAI-2 levels (up to 250 ng/ml), which are maintained at these levels until postpartum, and then rapidly decline. In addition to its vital role in protecting the placenta from degradation by uPA and/or uPA-activated proteases, PAI-2 has been shown to be essential for the prevention of metastatic spread of neck, lung and breast cancers. The beneficial effect of PAI-2 seen in these studies is presumed to stem from its ability to inhibit uPA-dependent cell dissemination. PAI-2 has also been reported to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation, and to participate in the innate immune response during viral infection. Recombinant human PAI-2 is a 415-residue nonglycosylated protein.
Description: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of endoproteases that require zinc and calcium for expressing catalytic activity. These enzymes play a central role in the maintenance and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Elevated expression of their activity, caused either by up-regulation of their expression or down-regulation of their cognate inhibitors, has been implicated in various degenerative disorders, including arthritis, cardiovascular disease, skeletal growth-plate disorders, and cancer metastasis. MMP-2 is a secreted collagenase with specificity toward Type IV, V, VII, and X collagens. Recombinant human MMP-2 is a 62.0 kDa protein containing the entire catalytic N-terminal domain and the C-terminal domain (552 amino acids).
Description: Defensins (alpha and beta) are cationic peptides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity that comprise an important arm of the innate immune system. The α-defensins are distinguished from the β-defensins by the pairing of their three disulfide bonds. To date, six human β-defensins have been identified; BD-1, BD-2, BD-3, BD-4, BD-5 and BD-6. β-defensins are expressed on some leukocytes and at epithelial surfaces. In addition to their direct antimicrobial activities, they can act as chemoattractants towards immature dendritic cells and memory T cells. The β-defensin proteins are expressed as the C-terminal portion of precursors and are released by proteolytic cleavage of a signal sequence and in some cases, a propeptide sequence. β-defensins contain a six-cysteine motif that forms three intra-molecular disulfide bonds. Recombinant human BD-2 is a 4.3 kDa protein containing 41 amino acid residues.
Description: ErbB-2 Human Recombinant is a 43.4 kDa protein containing 397 amino acid residues of the human Herstatin, and an extra Methionine at N-Terminal (underlined), produced in E.coli.
BMP-2 Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Human Recombinant Protein, Monomer
Description: Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a monomeric, non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 115 amino acids (283-396) and having a molecular mass of 13009 Dalton. ;The BMP-2 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: IL-2 is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions which are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells, NK cells, lymphokine activated killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and oligodendrocytes. Recombinant murine IL-2 is a 17.2 kDa protein, containing 149 amino acid residues.
Description: FGF basic (FGF2) is a multipotential fibroblast growth factor that stimulates and supports proliferation, migration and differentiation. Mouse FGF basic (FGF-2) Recombinant Protein is purified FGF basic (FGF-2) produced in yeast.
Description: Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine produced by T-helper cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. It is required for T-cell proliferation and other activities crucial to the regulation of the immune response. Chicken IL-2 Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-2 produced in yeast.
IL15 Human, Interleukin-15 Human Recombinant Protein, HEK
Description: Interleukin-15 Human Recombinant produced in HEK cells is a glycosylated monomer, having a molecular weight of 12.8kDa due to glycosylation.;The IL15 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL17B Human, Interleukin-17B Human Recombinant Protein, Sf9
Description: IL17B Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 169 amino acids (21-180a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 19.2kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 18-28kDa). IL17B is expressed with a 6 amino acid His-tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Interleukin-7 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 152 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 17.4 kDa. ;The IL-7 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Interleukin-10 Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single non-glycosylated polypeptide chains containing 161 amino acids each and having a molecular mass of 18.6kDa.;The IL-10 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Recombinant Human TGF-Beta 2 (insect derived) Protein
Description: The three mammalian isoforms of TGF-β, TGF-β1, β2, β3, signal through the same receptor and elicit similar biological responses. They are multifunctional cytokines that regulate cell proliferation, growth, differentiation and motility as well as synthesis and deposition of the extracellular matrix. They are involved in various physiological processes including embryogenesis, tissue remodeling and wound healing. They are secreted predominantly as latent complexes which are stored at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. The release of biologically active TGF-β isoform from a latent complex involves proteolytic processing of the complex and /or induction of conformational changes by proteins such as thrombospondin-1. TGF-β2 has been shown to exert suppressive effects on IL-2 dependent T-cell growth, and may also have an autocrine function in enhancing tumor growth by suppressing immuno-surveillance of tumor development. Recombinant human TGF-β2 is a 25.0 kDa protein composed of two identical 112 amino acid polypeptide chains linked by a single disulfide bond. * Manufactured using (BTI-Tn-5B1-4) cells under license from the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Inc.
IL1A Human, Interleukin-1 alpha Human Recombinant Protein, HEK
Description: Interleukin-1 alpha Human Recombinant produced in HEK cells is a glycosylated monomer, having a molecular weight of 18kDa due to glycosylation.;The IL1A is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Interleukin-4 Human Recombinant produced in CHO is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 129 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 14 kDa, the glycosilation of IL-4 migrates as 18 kDa on SDS-PAGE.;The IL-4 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Interleukin-3 Human Recombinant produced in insect cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 133 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 15000 Dalton. ;The IL-3 CSF is fused to a C-terminal His-tag (6x His) and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: IL-9 produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain (19-144 a.a.) including an 18 aa signal peptide (1-18 aa) and fused to a 6 aa His Tag at C-terminus containing a total of 150 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 14.5kDa.;IL9 shows multiple bands between 18-28kDa on SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
PLGF2 Human, Placenta Growth Factor-2 Human Recombinant Protein, CHO
Description: PLGF2 Human Recombinant (19-170 a.a.) produced in CHO is a disulfide-linked homodimeric, glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 152 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 33kDa.;The PLGF-2 Human Recombinant protein is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
B2M Human, Beta 2 Microglobulin Human Recombinant Protein, His Tag
Description: B2M Recombinant Human produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 120 amino acids (1-119 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 14 kDa. The B2M is fused to a 21 amino acid His-Tag at N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
AHSG Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein Human Recombinant Protein HEK
Description: AHSG Human Recombinant produced by transfected human cells is a single polypeptide chain containing 357 amino acids (19-367). AHSG is fused to an 8 amino acid His-tag at C-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
FGF-2 Fibroblast Growth Factor-Basic Human Recombinant Protein
Description: Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Human Recombinant (FGF-2) produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 154 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 17.2kDa.;The FGF-b is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
TIMP2 Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloprotease 2 Human Recombinant Protein
Description: TIMP2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 194 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 21.8kDa.
RARRES2 Human, Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant Protein,Sf9
Description: RARRES2 produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 146 amino acids (21-157a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 16.9kDa. (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 18-28kDa). RARRES2 is expressed with a 6 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL-16 Interleukin-16 Human Recombinant Protein, His Tag
Description: Interleukin-16 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain (502-631 a.a) containing 150 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 15.5kDa. The IL-16 is fused to a 20 a.a His-Tag at N-Terminus.;The IL-16 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL-17 Interleukin-17 Human Recombinant Protein, His Tag
Description: Interleukin-17A Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 132 amino acids fragment (24-155) having a molecular weight of 19.62kDa and fused with a 4.5kDa amino-terminal hexahistidine tag. ;The IL-17A His is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL-29 Interleukin-29 Human Recombinant Protein, His Tag
Description: IL 29 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 206 amino acids (20-200 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 22.7kDa.IL 29 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL-28A Interleukin-28A Human Recombinant Protein, His Tag
Description: IL 28A Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 198 amino acids (26-200 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 22.1kDa. IL 28A is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL36G Interleukin-36 Gamma Human Recombinant Protein, His Tag
Description: IL36G Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 192 amino acids (1-169) and having a molecular mass of 21.1kDa.
IL-12-p40 Interleukin-12 p40 Human Recombinant Protein
Description: Interleukin-12 p40 His Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is single, a non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 306 amino acids fragment (23-328) with an amino-terminal hexahistidine tag. ;The IL-12 p40 His is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL-13-Variant Interleukin-13 Variant Human Recombinant Protein
Description: Interleukin-13 Variant Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 114 amino acids, with a substitution of Q for R at position 112 compared with the wild type IL-13, having a molecular mass of 12.5 kDa. ;The IL-13 Variant is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
LCN2 Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin/Lipocalin-2 Human Recombinant Protein
Description: LCN2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a homodimeric non-glycosylated polypeptide chains consisting of two 178 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 41.0kDa.
TNFR2 Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 2 Human Recombinant Protein
Description: TNFR2 Human produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 184 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 20kDa. The TNFR2 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL-17F-His Interleukin-17F Human Recombinant Protein,His Tag
Description: IL 17F His Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 158 amino acids (31-163) and having a molecular mass of 17.6kDa.;IL 17F His is fused to a 25 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
DCTN2 (1-403) Dynactin 2 (1-403 a.a.) Human Recombinant Protein
Description: Dynactin 2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 426 amino acids (1-403 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 46.9kDa.;DCTN2 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
SOX2 Human, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 Human Recombinant Protein, TAT
Description: Sox2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 330 amino acids (317 aa residues of the full length Sox2) and having a molecular mass of 36kDa.;Sox2 is fused to a 13 amino acid TAT peptide at C-terminus (GGYGRKKRRQRRR) & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Interleukin-1 beta His-Tag Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 153 amino acids fragment (117-269) and having a total molecular mass of 21.88 kDa fused with an amino-terminal hexahistidine tag. ;The IL-1b His is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
a.a.), TRAIL/APO 2 Ligand (114-281 a.a.) Human Recombinant Protein, Active
Description: Soluble TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 169 amino acids _x000D_ (114-281) and having a molecular mass of 19.6 kDa._x000D_ The sTRAIL is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Pegylated Interleukin-22 Mouse Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated homodimeric polypeptide chain containing 147 amino acids and an aditional Ala amino acid at N-terminus having a molecular mass of 36 kDa as determioned by mass spectometry. However due to enlarged hydrodymanic volume it runs on the SDS-PAGE as a 50 kDa protein and in gel-filtration on Superdex 200 as over 200 kDa protein._x000D_ The Murine IL-22 is Mono-pegylated (with 20 kDa PEG) purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. _x000D_
Description: Interleukin-6 Mouse Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 193 amino acids (25-211a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 22.5kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 18-28kDa). IL6 is expressed with a 6 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
VEGFR2-Fc Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Fc Chimera Human Recombinant Protein
Description: Soluble VEGFR2 Fc Human Recombinant fused with the Fc part of human IgG1 produced in baculovirus is a disulfide-linked homodimeric, glycosylated, polypeptide containing 968 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 145 kDa. The soluble receptor protein contains only the first 7 extracellular domains, which contain all the information necessary for ligand binding.
Human Pancreas PrimaCell 2: Pancreatic Epithelial Cells
Description: Interleukin-8 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is single, a non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 77 amino acids fragment (23-99) and having a total molecular mass of 13.7kDa with an amino-terminal hexahistidine tag. ;The IL-8 His is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: IL36A Mouse Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 183 amino acids (1-160 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 20.4kDa. IL36A is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation.
Description: Visfatin is a 55 kDa protein produced and secreted primarily by white adipose tissue. Recently, Visfatin was isolated from visceral fat deposits and shown to possess insulin-mimetic activity. Like insulin, Visfatin exerts hypoglycemic effects by interacting with the insulin receptor. The binding affinity of Visfatin for the insulin receptor is similar to that of insulin, but it does not compete with insulin, suggesting that the two proteins interact with different receptor sites. The circulating levels of Visfatin are much lower than those of insulin and are not affected by feeding, implying that the hypoglycemic effect of Visfatin may not be of physiological importance. The plasma Visfatin levels, like those of Leptin, correlate positively with the percent of body fat and increase during the development of obesity. Another similarity between Visfatin and Leptin is that their amino acid sequence is highly conserved across different mammalian species and shows no homology to any known protein. Receptors for both Leptin (Ob-R) and Visfatin (i.e. the insulin receptor) are expressed by neurons within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a brain area that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of energy metabolism. Although the metabolic function of Visfatin is still unknown, it appears that this newly identified adipocytokine might play an important role, similar to that of Leptin, in the regulation of body weight, i.e. as an afferent signal reflecting excess body fat. Recombinant human Visfatin is a 52.6 kDa protein containing 466 amino acid residues (isoform 1).
Description: NOV is a member of the CCN family of secreted cysteine rich regulatory proteins. The full length NOV protein contains four structural domains that confer distinct, and sometimes opposing, biological activities. Elevated expression of NOV is associated with certain tumors, including Wilm’s tumor and most nephroblastomas. However, in other tumor types and certain cancer cell lines, increased tumorgenicity and proliferation is correlated with decreased NOV expression. Additionally, NOV induces cell adhesion and cell migration by signaling through specific cell surface integrins and by binding to heparin sulfate proteoglycans and to fibulin 1C. NOV has also been reported to exert proangiogenic activities. Recombinant human NOV is a 36.2 kDa protein containing 331 amino acid residues. It is composed of four distinct structural domains (modules); the IGF binding protein (IGFBP) domain, the von Willebrand Factor C (VWFC) domain, the Thrombospondin type-I (TSP type-1) domain, and a C-terminal cysteine knot-like domain (CTCK).
Description: MANF is a secreted neurotrophic factor that is expressed in brain, neuronal and certain non-neuronal tissues. It has been shown to promote survival, growth and function of dopamine specific neurons. MANF and its structural homolog CDNF, each contain an N-terminal saposin-like lipid binding domain, and a carboxyl-terminal domain, which is not homologous to previously characterized protein structures. MANF and CDNF can prevent 6-OHDA induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by triggering survival pathways in a rat experimental model of Parkinson disease. Recombinant human MANF is an 18.1 kDa protein consisting of 158 amino acids including 8 cysteine residues.
Description: Proteases (also called Proteolytic Enzymes, Peptidases, or Proteinases) are enzymes that hydrolyze the amide bonds within proteins or peptides. Most proteases act in a specific manner, hydrolyzing bonds at or adjacent to specific residues or a specific sequence of residues contained within the substrate protein or peptide. Proteases play an important role in most diseases and biological processes including prenatal and postnatal development, reproduction, signal transduction, the immune response, various autoimmune and degenerative diseases, and cancer. They are also an important research tool, frequently used in the analysis and production of proteins. Enterokinase sequentially cleaves carboxyl side of D-D-D-D-K. Human Enterokinase is expressed as a linear 1019 amino acid polypeptide precursor glycoprotein. Proteolytic processing of this precursor generates the biologically active form of Enterokinase, which consists of two polypeptide chains (heavy chain and light chain) held together by a single disulfide bond, resulting in formation of a biologically active heterodimer. The heavy chain consists of 784 amino acid residues, and the light consists of 235 amino acid residues.
Description: MIA is the first discovered member of a family of secreted cytokines termed the MIA/OTOR family. The four known members of this family; MIA, MIA2, OTOR and TANGO each contain a Src homology-3 (SH3)-like domain. MIA is an autocrine growth regulatory protein secreted from chondrocytes and malignant melanoma cells that promotes melanoma metastasis by binding competitively to fibronectin and laminin in a manner that results in melanoma cell detachment from the extracellular matrix in vivo. Elevated levels of MIA may represent a clinically useful marker for diagnosis of melanoma metastasis as well as a potential marker for rheumatoid arthritis. Recombinant human MIA is a 12.2 kDa globular protein containing 108 amino acid residues including two intramolecular disulfide bonds.
Description: TSLP is a hemopoietic protein that is expressed in the heart, liver and prostate. TSLP overlaps biological activities with IL-7 and binds with the heterodimeric receptor complex consisting of the IL-7R α chain (IL-7Rα) and the TSLP-specific chain (TSLPR). Like IL-7, TSLP induces phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5, but uses kinases other than the JAKs for activation. TSLP prohibited apoptosis and stimulated growth of the human acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-derived cell line MUTZ3. It induces the release of T cell-attracting chemokines TARC and MDC from monocytes and activates CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs). TSLP activated DCs primed naïve T cells to produce the proallergic cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNFα) while down-regulating IL-10 and IFN-γ suggesting a role in initiating allergic inflammation. Recombinant human TSLP is a 15.0 kDa protein consisting of 132 amino acid residues.
Description: Neuroserpin is an inhibitory serpin that is expressed predominantly in central nervous system. Although the physiological target of neuroserpin is still unclear, cumulative evidence suggest that it plays an important role in controlling proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) during synaptogenesis and the subsequent development of neuronal plasticity. In the adult brain, neuroserpin is secreted from the growth cones of neurons in areas where synaptic changes are associated with learning and memory, i.e. cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. The neuroprotective role of neuroserpin has been demonstrated in transgenic mice lacking neuroserpin expression. The deficiency of neuroserpin in these mice was associated with motor neuron disease characterized by axonal degradation. In humans, defects in neuroserpin, caused by point mutations in the neuroserpin gene, underlie a hereditary disorder called the familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB). Recombinant human neuroserpin is a 44.8 kDa non-glycosylated protein containing 395 amino-acid residues.
Description: NANOG Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 305 amino acids (1-305) and having a molecular mass of 34.6 kDa.;The NANOG is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Neuritin is a neurotrophic factor, which is expressed in response to induction of neuronal activity by NGF, BDNF, NT3, and other neural stimulators. It is expressed primarily in postmitotic-differentiating neurons of the developing nervous system and in neuronal structures related to synaptic plasticity in the adult nervous system. Neuritin acts as a molecular mediator of neurite outgrowth, neuronal survival, and synaptic maturation. Recombinant human Neuritin is a covalently disulfide-linked homodimer, consisting of two 9.72 kDa polypeptide monomers, each containing 88 amino acid residues.
Description: TIGAR Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 270 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 30.1kDa. The TIGAR is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: OTOR, also called Otoraplin and MIAL, is a secreted cytokine and a member of the MIA/OTOR family. Members of this family which also includes MIA, MIA2, and TANGO share a Src homology-3 (SH3)-like domain. OTOR is predominantly expressed in the cochlea of the inner-ear and to a lesser extent in fetal brain and in some cartilage tissues. OTOR appears to be involved in early chondrogenesis of the otic capsule, which is required for normal inner ear development and auditory function. Recombinant human OTOR is a 12.7 kDa globular protein containing 112 amino acid residues.
Description: Prolactin is a neuroendocrine hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Its primary function is to promote and maintain lactation during pregnancy and suckling. In addition, Prolactin plays an immune-regulatory role by stimulating the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and protein kinase C, which are important for the proliferation, differentiation, and function of lymphocytes. Recombinant human Prolactin is a 23 kDa globular protein containing 200 amino acid residues.
Description: Glucagon Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 29 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 3483 Dalton. ;The Glucagon is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: ApoE belongs to a group of proteins that bind reversibly with lipoprotein and play an important role in lipid metabolism. In addition to facilitating solublization of lipids, these proteins help to maintain the structural integrity of lipoproteins, serve as ligands for lipoprotein receptors, and regulate the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Significant quantities of ApoE are produced in liver and brain and to some extent in almost every organ. ApoE is an important constituent of all plasma lipoproteins. It’s interaction with specific ApoE receptor enables uptake of chylomicron remnants by liver cells, which is an essential step during normal lipid metabolism. It also binds with the LDL receptor (apo B/E). Defects in ApoE are a cause of hyperlipoproteinemia type III. ApoE exists in three major isoforms; E2, E3, and E4, which differ from one another by a single amino-acid substitution. Compared with E3 and E4, E2 exhibits the lowest receptor binding affinity. E2 allele carriers had significantly lower levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as increased ApoE levels. Recombinant human ApoE2 is a 34.3 kDa protein containing 300 amino acid residues.
Description: CD23, the low affinity receptor for IgE, belongs to the C-type lectin structural family and plays a role in the regulation of IgE synthesis and IgE mediated activities. It is found both as a transmembrane receptor protein and in a soluble form, which is generated by proteolytic cleavage of membrane bound CD23. The predominant soluble form of CD23 (sCD23) consists of 172 amino acids corresponding to the extracellular domain of the full length precursor. sCD23, in addition to binding IgE, also exerts a number of IgE independent activities, such as promoting the activation and differentiation of B-cells and stimulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from monocytes. Recombinant human sCD23 is a 19.2 kDa non-glycosylated protein containing 172 amino-acid residues.
Description: CD14 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 353 amino acids (20-349 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 37.9kDa. ;CD14is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Vimentin is a class III intermediate filament protein predominantly found in cells of mesenchymal origins, such as vascular endothelium and blood cells, where it functions as a major cytoskeletal component. Due to its importance and abundance in the cytoskeletal structure of mesenchymally-derived cells, Vimentin is frequently used as a developmental marker within cells of mesenchymal origin or cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which can occur during both normal and metastatic growth. An active participant within several critical processes of cellular organization and protein regulation, Vimentin is involved in the anchorage of organelles within the cytoplasmic matrix, development of astrocytes, and the disassembly of cellular components during the execution phase of apoptosis. Abnormalities in the normal physiological pathways of Vimentin have been implicated in deficient motility and directional migration involved in wound healing and cellular growth and development, as well as the adhesion-site accumulation of Vimentin on lens epithelial cells in cases of dominant cataracts. Recombinant Human Vimentin is a 54.5 kDa protein consisting of 472 amino acid residues, including a 6 residue C-terminal His-Tag.
Description: Osteopontin is a secreted glycoprotein that functions as a ligand to αvβ3 integrin and possibly other receptors. It binds tightly to hydroxyapatite and can act as a structural component of the extracellular mineralized matrix. Osteopontin is initially secreted as a 298 amino acid protein, which is subject to multiple post-translational modifications including glycosylation, phosphorylation, and specific proteolytic cleavages into various smaller molecular weight fragments. Osteopontin is expressed in a wide range of cells and tissues including osteoblasts, various tumor cell lines, extraosseous cells in the inner ear, brain, kidney, deciduum, placenta and odontoblasts. In addition to its involvement in mineralized matrix formation, Osteopontin can also function as a cytokine that stimulates the release of IFNγ and IL-12, while inhibiting the production of IL-10. Recombinant human Osteopontin is a 298 amino acid protein, which, due to glycosylation, migrates at an apparent molecular weight of 60.0-65.0 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions.
Description: Uteroglobin, a member of the Secretoglobin superfamily, also known as Clara cell phospholipid-binding protein, is a multifunctional protein that can exert anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic effects by binding small hydrophobic molecules such as phospholipids and prostaglandins. The small, non-glycosylated protein named for its high levels of expression in pre-implantation embryos, where it exhibits growth stimulatory effects, is produced and secreted by the non-ciliated, non-mucous Clara cells predominant in the epithelial surfaces of pulmonary airways, as well as other non-ciliated epithelia. Members of the Secretoglobin superfamily demonstrate a high level of structural conservation and are characterized as small, secretory homo- or heterodimers. In addition to sequestering pro-inflammatory mediators and carcinogens, Uteroglobin has been implicated in the inhibition of cell migration and invasion, platelet aggregation, and T cell differentiation. Recombinant Human Uteroglobin is an 8.0 kDa homodimeric protein consisting of 142 amino acid residues.
Description: Pleiotrophin and Midkine are structurally related heparin-binding neurotrophic factors, whose expression is developmentally regulated. The expression pattern of these neurotrophic factors suggests function in neurogenesis, cell migration, secondary organogenetic induction, and mesoderm epithelial interaction. The expression of PTN increases during the process of brain embryogenesis and reaches maximum levels at time of birth. The physiological roles of PTN and Midkine are largely unknown, but these neurotrophins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuroblastomas. Recombinant human Pleiotrophin is a 15.4 kDa protein containing 136 amino acid residues and five intra-molecular disulfide bonds.
Description: CD30 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 384 amino acids (19-379a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 40.8kDa. CD30 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Betacellulin is an EGF-related polypeptide growth factor that signals through the EGF receptor. It is produced in several tissues, including the pancreas, small intestine, and in certain tumor cells. Betacellulin is a potent mitogen for retinal pigment epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Human Betacellulin is initially synthesized as a glycosylated 32.0 kDa transmembrane precursor protein, which is processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce the mature sequence. Recombinant human Betacellulin is a 9.0 kDa monomeric protein, containing 80 amino residues, which comprises the mature EGF homologous portion of the Betacellulin protein.
Description: Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor) is a non-inhibitory serpin that is expressed predominantly in normal mammary epithelial cells but at significantly reduced levels or absent in most breast carcinomas. It has the ability to block the growth, invasiveness, and metastatic potential of breast and lung tumors. This anti-tumor activity is achieved, in part, by the ability of Maspin to inhibit angiogenesis and to preferentially promote apoptosis of tumor cells. Recombinant human Maspin is a 42.1 kDa non-glycosylated protein containing 375 amino acid residues.
Description: Epiregulin is an EGF related growth factor that binds specifically to EGFR (ErbB1) and ErbB4, but not ErbB2 or ErbB3. It is expressed mainly in the placenta and peripheral blood leukocytes and in certain carcinomas of the bladder, lung, kidney and colon. Epiregulin stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. It also inhibits the growth of several tumor-derived epithelial cell lines. Human Epiregulin is initially synthesized as a glycosylated 19.0 kDa transmembrane precursor protein, which is processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce a 6.0 kDa mature secreted sequence. Recombinant human Epiregulin is a 5.6 kDa monomeric protein, containing 50 amino residues, which corresponds to the mature secreted Epiregulin sequence.
Description: LIGHT belongs to the TNF family of ligands, and can signal through the herpes virus entry mediator type A receptor (HVEM, TNFRSF14), LTβR, or bind to a decoy receptor, DcR3. It is expressed in splenocytes, activated PBL, CD+8 tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes. LIGHT has the ability to active NFκB, to co-stimulate the activation of lymphocytes and to induce apoptosis in certain human tumor cells. Recombinant human LIGHT has a calculated mass of 19.3 kDa containing 177 amino acid residues. Due to glycosylation LIGHT migrates between 20.0-22.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions.
*Human LIGHT(Catalog Number 310-09B) has replaced Human LIGHT(Catalog Number 310-09)
Description: Recombinant Human Serum Albumin produced in HEK cells is a glycosylated monomer, having a molecular weight range of 60-65kDa due to glycosylation.;The HSA is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Noggin produced in Sf9 Insect cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 211 amino acids (28-232a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 23.8kDa. (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 28-40kDa).; Noggin is expressed with a 6 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: REN Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 391 amino acids (24-406) and having a molecular mass of 43.3kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 40-57kDa).;REN is fused to 8 amino acid His-Tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: CD2 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 194 amino acids (25-209a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 22.3kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 28-40 kDa).;CD2 is expressed with a 6 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: CD34 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 268 amino acids (32-290a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 28.6kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 40-57kDa).;CD34 is fused with a 6 amino acids His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: CD68 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 307 amino acids (22-319) and having a molecular mass of 32.6kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 57-70kDa).;CD68 is fused to 6 amino acid His-Tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: p16-INK4a is a nuclear protein that regulates the cell cycle by inhibiting cyclin dependent kinase-4 (CDK4) and CDK6. p16-INK4a inhibits CDK activity by binding to the CDK molecules in a manner that interferes with their ability to interact with cyclin D. This activity has the effect of suppressing tumor formation and growth, and of inducing replicative senescence in various normal cells, including stem cells. The expression of p16-INK4a steadily increases with age and tends to accumulate in stem cell compartments. The deletion, rearrangement, or mutation of the p16-INK4a gene is frequently found in melanomas as well as in certain other types of cancer. Recombinant p16-INK4a is a 16.5 kDa protein containing 156 amino acid residues.
Kim, W.Y. and Sharpless, N.E. (2006) Cell127(2):265-75.
Description: Lymphotactin is the only known member of the C-chemokine family and signals through the receptor XCR1, formally known as GPR5. The spleen shows the highest level of lymphotactin compared to peripheral leukocytes, lung, colon and small intestine. Lymphotactin is chemotactic towards lymphocytes but not towards monocytes or neutrophils. Recombinant human Lymphotactin is a 10.0 kDa protein consisting of 92 amino acid residues.
Description: Fas Ligand (FasL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that is expressed on the cell surface of activated T cells. Binding of FasL to Fas Receptor triggers apoptosis in Fas-bearing cells. FasL has the ability to kill T cells and activated B cells which leads to down-regulation of the immune response. The mechanism of Fas induced apoptosis involves recruitment of pro-caspase 8 through an adaptor molecule called FADD followed by processing of the pro-enzyme to active forms. These active caspases then cleave various cellular substrates leading to the eventual cell death. Both human and murine sFasL are fully active on human and murine cells. Recombinant human soluble Fas Ligand is a 17.9 kDa protein comprising the TNF homologous region of FasL and contains an 8 residue N-terminal His-Tag.
Description: FGF-8 (FGF-8b) is a heparin binding growth factor belonging to the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. There are 4 known alternate spliced forms of FGF8; FGF8A, FGF-8B, FGF-8E and FGF-8F. The human and murine FGF8 A and B are identical unlike human and mouse FGF8 E and F are 98% identical. FGF-8 targets mammary carcinoma cells and other cells expressing the FGF receptors. Recombinant human FGF-8 (FGF-8b) is a 22.5 kDa protein consisting of 194 amino acid residues.
Description: GMF-β a brain-specific protein that belongs to the actin-binding proteins (ADF) structural family. GMF-β appears to play a role in the differentiation, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system. It also supports the progression of certain auto-immune diseases, possibly through its ability to induce the production and secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines. Recombinant human GMF-β is a 16.5 kDa globular protein containing 141 amino acid residues including one intramolecular disulfide bond.
Description: Recombinant human ubiquitin featuring a Lys 48 to Arg48 mutation is useful for the reduction of poly-Ub chain length and conjugation rates.;Ubiquitin K48R is expressed in E.coliand purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Fractalkine is a CX3CL chemokine that signals through the CX3CR1 receptor. Fractalkine has been shown to chemoattract monocytes, microglia cells and NK cells. Recombinant human Fractalkine is an 8.5 kDa protein containing 76 amino acid residues, including the four conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: Nesfatin-1 is a metabolic polypeptide encoded in the N-terminal region of the precursor protein, Nucleobindin2 (NUCB2). Originally identified as a hypothalamic neuropeptide, Nesfatin-1 is also expressed in other areas of the brain, and in pancreatic isletsβ-cells, gastric endocrine cells and adipocytes. Nesfatin-1 suppresses food intake and can regulate energy metabolism in a Leptin independent manner. Recombinant human Nesfatin-1 is a 9.7 kDa protein containing 82 amino acid residues.
Description: MIG, a CXC chemokine, is produced by IFN stimulated monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. It signals through the CXCR3 receptor. MIG selectively chemoattracts Th1 lymphocytes, and also exerts other activities including inhibition of tumor growth, angiogenesis, and inhibition of colony formation of hematopoietic progenitors. Human MIG is active on murine cells. Recombinant human MIG is an 11.7 kDa protein containing 103 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines.
Description: The Trefoil Factor peptides (TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3) are secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, and appear to play an important role in intestinal mucosal defense and repair. TFF-3 is expressed by goblet cells and in the uterus, and has also been shown to express in certain cancers, including colorectal, hepatocellular, and in biliary tumors. TFF3 may be useful as a molecular marker for certain types of cancer, but its role, if any, in tumorigenesis is unknown. TFF3 also promotes airway epithelial cell migration and differentiation. Recombinant human TFF3 is a 13.2 kDa homodimeric protein consisting of two 59 amino acid chains, which includes a 40-amino acid trefoil motif containing three conserved intramolecular disulfide bonds.
Description: Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) is a biologically active phospholipid, which exerts primarily proinflammatory activities by specifically signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors on platelets, neutrophils, and monocytes. Platelet Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is a secreted protein that mediates PAF activity by specifically catalyzing hydrolysis of the “sn2” ester bond, resulting in the conversion of PAF to the biologically inactive lyso-PAF. PAF-AH can also interact with LDL particles to induce the hydrolysis of LDL associated, oxidized phospholipids, generating lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) and other lysophospholipids. Recombinant PAF-AH is a 420 amino acid glycoprotein which migrates with an apparent molecular mass of 47-55 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis.
Description: IGF-BPs controls the distribution, function and activity of IGFs in various cell tissues and body fluids. Currently there are seven named IGF-BPs that form high affinity complexes with both IGF-I and IGF-II. IGF-BP7 is expressed in a wide range of normal human tissues and it generally shows reduced expression in cancer cell lines of prostate, breast, colon, and lung origin. It plays a role in skeletal myogenesis by binding to IGF in a manner that inhibits IGF induced differentiation of skeletal myoblasts, without affecting IGF induced proliferation. Additionally, IGF-BP7 suppresses growth and colony formation of prostate and breast cancer cell lines through an IGF independent mechanism, which causes a delay in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and increased apoptosis. Recombinant human IGF-BP7 is a 26.4 kDa protein consisting of 256 amino acid residues.
Description: CT-1 is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines which also includes LIF, CNTF, OSM (Oncostatin M), IL-11, IL-6 and possibly NNT-1/BSF-3. CT-1 is a pleiotropic cytokine which is expressed in various tissues including the adult heart, skeletal muscle, ovary, colon, prostate and fetal lung and signals through the LIF receptor and the gp130 receptor subunit. CT-1 has the ability to induce cardiac myocyte hypertrophy, and enhances the survival of cardiomyocyte and different neuronal populations. Biologically active human CT-1 is synthesized as a 201 amino acid polypeptide lacking a hydrophobic N-terminal secretion signal sequence. Recombinant Human CT-1 is a 21.1 kDa protein consisting of 200 amino acid residues.
Description: IL-34 is a homodimeric cytokine that is expressed in a range of tissues including spleen, heart, brain, liver, kidney, lung, ovary, thymus, testis, small intestine, prostate and colon. IL-34 is a ligand for colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R), which also binds to CSF-1. It specifically binds CD14+ monocytes, promotes survival and proliferation of human peripheral blood monocytes, and stimulates macrophage colony formation by human bone marrow cells. IL-34, like human CSF-1 stimulates phosphorylation of MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1. Recombinant human IL-34 is a 52.5 kDa homodimeric glycoprotein consisting of 460 amino acid residues, including a C-terminal His-Tag.
Description: TARC, a CC chemokine, is predominantly produced by dendritic cells in the thymus and signals through the CCR4 receptor. TARC is chemotactic towards T cells. Recombinant human TARC is an 8.0 kDa protein containing 71 amino acid residues, including the four conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: HB-EGF is an EGF related growth factor that signals through the EGF receptor, and stimulates the proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC), fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and keratinocytes. HB-EGF is expressed in numerous cell types and tissues, including vascular endothelial cells and SMC, macrophages, skeletal muscle, keratinocytes, and certain tumor cells. The ability of HB-EGF to specifically bind heparin and heparin sulfate proteoglycans is distinct from other EGF-like molecules, and may be related to the enhanced mitogenic activity, relative to EGF, that HB-EGF exerts on smooth muscle cells. The human HB-EGF gene encodes a 208 amino acid transmembrane protein, which can be proteolytically cleaved to produce soluble HB-EGF. Recombinant human HB-EGF is a 9.7 kDa protein containing 86 amino acid residues, corresponding to the extra-cellular EGF-like and heparin binding domains of the full length HB-EGF protein.
Description: Human RELMβ is a 19.0 kDa disulfide-linked homodimeric protein expressed in the epithelium of the colon and small bowel. The biological functions of RELMβ and its molecular targets, are not fully known but, it has been suggested that it plays a regulatory role during inflammation and may also act to establish links among adipose tissue, the intestine and the liver. Interestingly the molecular structure of RELMβ is highly homologous to that of the adipose-derived cytokine Resistin and RELMα. These proteins share a highly conserved C-terminal domain, characterized by 10 cysteine residues with a unique spacing motif of C-X11-C-X8-C-X-C-X3-C-X10-C-X-C-X-C-X9-C-C. Recombinant Human RELMβ is a disulfide-linked homodimer with a total molecular weight of 19.0 kDa, consisting of two 89 amino acid residue chains.
Description: 9.9 kDa protein containing 93 amino acid residues, produced in E.coli. Mutant-Resistin has had a Cysteine residue mutated to prevent dimerization and possibly acts as an antagonist.
Description: TWEAKR belongs to the TNF family of transmembrane proteins and contains a cytoplasmic "death domain", which can activated the cell's apoptotic machinery. It is expressed in the spleen, thymus, peripheral blood lymphocytes, colon, and small intestine. Signal transduction by TWEAKR can be activated by either the membrane anchored or the soluble TWEAK. Recombinant soluble TWEAKR is a 53 amino acid polypeptide (5.6 kDa) comprising the entire extracellular domain of the full length TWEAKR protein.
Description: IL-23 is a proinflammatory heterodimeric protein composed of two subunits, a unique p19 subunit and a p40 subunit, which is shared with IL-12. IL-23 is secreted by activated dendritic cells and macrophages, and signals though a receptor comprised of IL-23R complexed with IL-12Rβ2. IL-23 has been shown to enhance proliferation of memory T cells. It also stimulates the production of IFN-γ in NK cells, induces IL-17 production, and drives Th17 mediated responses. Recombinant IL-23 is a 53.5 kDa heterodimeric protein consisting of two subunits, p19 (170 amino acids) and p40 (306 amino acids).*Manufactured using BTI-Tn-5B1-4 cells under license from the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Inc.
Description: MEC is a secreted CC chemokine expressed primarily by epithelial cells of the bronchioles, salivary gland, mammary gland and colon. MEC signals through the CCR10 receptor and chemoattracts resting CD4, CD8 T-cells and eosinophils. MEC contains six cysteines including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. Recombinant human MEC is a 12.3 kDa protein containing 108 amino acid residues.
Description: FGF-21 is a secreted growth factor that is a member of the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. FGF-21, in the presence of βKlotho as a protein cofactor, signals through the FGFR 1c and 4 receptors and stimulates insulin independent glucose uptake by adipocytes. Recombinant human FGF-21 is a 19.5 kDa protein containing 182 amino acid residues.
Description: RANKL and RANK are members of the TNF superfamily of ligands and receptors that play an important role in the regulation of specific immunity and bone turnover. RANK (receptor) was originally identified as a dendritic-cell-membrane protein, which by interacting with RANKL augments the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate naïve T cell proliferation and to promote the survival of RANK + T cells. RANK is also expressed in a variety of tissues including skeletal muscle, thymus, liver, colon, small intestine and adrenal gland. The RANK/RANKL interaction is important in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and in dendritic-cell-mediated T cell immune responses. Impairments in RANK signaling have been implicated in the induction of expansile osteolysis and Paget disease of bone (PDB2). Recombinant human sRANK receptor is a 19.3 kDa polypeptide containing the TNFR homologous cysteine rich portion of the extracellular domain of RANK receptor (175 amino acid residues).
Description: FGF-18 is a heparin binding growth factor that belongs to the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. FGF-18 is an essential regulator of long bone and calvarial development. FGF-18 signals through FGFR 1c, 2c, 3c, and 4. Recombinant E.coli derived human FGF-18 is a 20.1 kDa protein consisting of 173 amino acid residues, resulting from c-terminal truncation of the full length protein.
Description: TL-1A belongs to the TNF superfamily of ligands. It is expressed predominantly in endothelial cells, and to a lesser extent in placenta, lung, kidney, skeletal muscle, pancreas, small intestine and colon. TL-1A inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and has been shown to induce NFkB activation, caspase activity, and apoptosis in responding cell lines. TL-1A interacts with TNFRSF25/DR3 receptor, but can also bind to a decoy receptor TNFRSF21/DR6. Recombinant human TL-1A is a 22.0 kDa polypeptide of 194 amino acid residues.
Description: GDF-11 is a myostatin-homologous protein that acts as an inhibitor of nerve tissue growth. GDF-11 has been shown to suppress neurogenesis through a myostatin-like pathway, which involves arrest of progenitor cell-cycle in the G1 phase. Similarities between myostatin and GDF-11, which are 90% identical in their amino acid sequence, suggests that the regulatory mechanisms responsible for maintaining proper tissue size during neural and muscular development might be the same. Recombinant human GDF-11 is a 25.0 kDa disulfide-linked homodimer containing two 109 amino acid polypeptide chains. It is highly homologous to myostatin/GDF-8 sharing 90% amino-acid sequence identity.
Description: Breast and Kidney-expressed chemokine (BRAK) is a CXC chemokine expressed in normal tissue in the absence of inflammatory stimuli, and infrequently expressed in cancer cell lines. BRAK is known to be a highly selective monocyte chemoattractant. However, main function and receptor selectivity is unknown at this time. BRAK contains the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines. The sequence of the mature protein consists of 87 amino acid residues, and is approximately 30% homologous to the sequences of MIP-2 α and β. Recombinant human BRAK is a 9.4 kDa protein containing 77 amino acid residues.
Description: The FGF family plays central roles during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. FGF-19, a member of the FGF family, is a high affinity heparin dependent ligand for FGFR4. FGF-19 is expressed during the brain development and embryogenesis. Recombinant human FGF-19 is a 21.8 kDa protein containing 195 amino acid residues.
Description: Human IL-33 is a proinflammatory protein that shares structural and functional characteristics with the IL-1 cytokine family. It binds and signals through the IL-1RL1/ST2 receptor activating NF-kappaB and MAP kinases. IL-33 induces production of TH2 cell related cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, and exerts multiple inflammation related bioactivities. Recombinant human IL-33 is a 17.9 kDa protein containing 159 amino acid residues.
Conclusion: IL-18 genes may differ in certain populations, different ethnic groups and geographic regions. IL-18 polymorphisms may not be used as a marker of metabolic syndrome.
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